Chapter+31


 * Glossary Terms for chapter 31**

[|**anoxic**] ** Diminished oxygen in the arterial blood despite normal ability of the blood to contain and carry oxygen. May be due to reduced oxygen supply, respiratory obstruction, reduced surface area in the lungs for exchange of gases, or inadequate respiratory movements. ** [|**schizophrenia**] ** A group of mental disorders characterized by disturbances of thinking, mood, and behavior. With schizophrenia, there is an altered concept of reality and in some cases delusions and hallucinations. Mood changes include inappropriate emotional responses and loss of empathy. Withdrawn, regressive, and bizarre behavior may be noted. **
 * [|adaptive athlete] An individual who is physically or mentally challenged and participates in a sport. **
 * [|Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)] Comprehensive legislation that is designed to protect individuals with disabilities against discrimination. **
 * [|amputation] A complete separation from the body by cutting or tearing. **
 * [|aphasia] The inability to communicate verbally. **
 * [|ataxia] Loss of muscle coordination leading to difficulty in maintaining balance and inability to walk. **
 * [|cerebral palsy] A disorder in which a person makes constant, slow writhing movements. **
 * [|attention deficit disorder (ADD)] **Neurologic syndrome that is usually hereditary. Symptoms include distractibility, short attention span, impulsiveness, hyperactivity, and restlessness that interfere with everyday function.
 * [|autism] A developmental neurologic disorder that includes severe problems with communication and behavior. **
 * [|autonomic dysreflexia (AD)] A condition in which the body below the spine injury level does not have ability to sense and react normally to certain stimuli. **
 * [|cerebral palsy (CP)] A disability resulting from brain injury before, during, or shortly after birth. **
 * [|cognitive disability] Damage or deterioration in any portion of the brain that affects the ability to process information, coordinate and control the body, and/or move in space. **
 * [|deaf] Partially or completely incapable of hearing. **
 * [|disability] Any restriction in or lack of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being. **
 * [|disarticulation] **An amputation that occurs at a joint.
 * [|Down syndrome] A common genetic condition resulting in mental and physical anomalies. **
 * [|dyslexia] Condition characterized by a significant delay in one or more areas of learning. **
 * [|dystonic cerebral palsy] A condition in which an individual's muscles are extremely rigid. **
 * [|epilepsy] Recurrent episodes of seizures caused by an abnormal focus of electrical activity within the brain that may cause impaired responsiveness, abnormal movements, or psychic, sensory, or autonomic disturbances. **
 * [|handicapped] A term used to describe a person with an impairment that substantially limits one or more of life's activities. **
 * [|impairment] Any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiologic, or anatomic structure or function. **
 * [|learning disorders] A lack of order or impairment with learning skills. **
 * [|manic-depressive] **A mentally ill person with a cyclic affective psychosis in which there are alternating moods of depression and mania (madness, characterized by excessive excitement).
 * [|mental retardation (MR)] A below average intellectual capacity from birth or childhood associated with difficulties in learning and socialization. **
 * [|multiple sclerosis (MS)] A neurologic condition that causes weakness or paralysis of the extremities, loss of stamina, and balance difficulties. **
 * [|muscular dystrophy (MD)] Progressive and irreversible muscle wasting. **
 * [|ostomy bag] An appliance that attaches by special adhesive to the abdominal wall of some people who have had abdominal surgery. **
 * [|postpolio syndrome] After-effects of poliomyelitis, a viral infection of the spinal cord which may cause either broadly distributed or local paralysis. Years after the initial paralysis, the person may exhibit fatigue, shortness of breath, and balance problems. **
 * [|psychosis] Any severe mental disorder characterized by deterioration of normal intellectual and social functioning and by partial or complete withdrawal from reality **
 * [|spastic cerebral palsy] A condition in which there is constant, involuntarily contraction of an individual's muscles. **
 * [|spina bifida (SB)] **A congenital malformation of the spinal column (usually the bony spine in the same area) in which segments of the spine fail to fuse, allowing the spinal cord to protrude.
 * [|spinal cord injury (SCI)] Damage to the spinal cord resulting from trauma. **
 * [|stoma] Opening in the neck that connects the trachea directly to the skin; also a port created on the abdominal wall to facilitate excrement. **
 * [|stroke and brain trauma] A condition that results when part of the brain becomes anoxic from loss of blood supply. **
 * [|visual impairment] Disability involving reduction or loss of vision, usually described in terms of acuity or range. Classifications include legal blindness, partial sightedness, or total blindness. **